HTML Entity Reference

HTML entities are special sequences that represent characters which are reserved in HTML or not easily typed on a keyboard. They begin with an ampersand (&) and end with a semicolon (;).

Three Ways to Write Entities

• Named: © — Human-readable, easier to remember
• Decimal: © — Uses the Unicode decimal code point
• Hexadecimal: © — Uses the Unicode hex code point

All three forms produce the same result: ©. Named entities are preferred for readability, but numeric forms work for any Unicode character.

When to Use HTML Entities

• Reserved characters: <, >, & must be escaped in HTML to avoid being interpreted as markup
• Special symbols: Copyright (©), trademark (™), currency signs (€) that may not be on your keyboard
• Non-breaking spaces:   prevents a line break between two words
• Mathematical notation: Operators like ±, ×, ÷, ≠ for formulas in HTML

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